A CLOSER LOOK AT CHRIST'S CHURCH Answering Common Objections Purgatory, Holy Fire Program 15 Transcripts Scott Hahn This, our second installment in the series of Answering Common Objections, is going to focus upon the doctrine of purgatory. We're going to try to understand purgatory as Holy Fire, just like we tried to understand the Pope in terms of him being our Holy Father, the father figure who symbolizes the unity of the family of God here on earth under the ultimate fatherhood of Almighty God. Introduction Before I begin with the technical definitions and then the Biblical-historical defense and evidences and so on, I would like to just briefly just share my own personal experience. The Pope was a doctrine that was very difficult for me and so was Mary. Both of those were dealt with in terms of historical evidence and Biblical evidence and basically, I was done. Purgatory was different. I came to a conclusion that sufficient evidence exists for an intermediate state between heaven and hell on the basis of the Bible and ancient Jewish practices of praying for the dead and evidences in the early Christian Church that I will review this morning. But there was still a very big emotional block. Very big. It's hard to describe. I've tried and I've really failed every time to put it into words because - well, for two reasons. On the one hand, as an Evangelical Protestant, I had firm convictions about the finished work of Jesus Christ; that He accomplished our redemption on the cross. Those convictions I still hold fast to. Every Christian, every Catholic must. The work of our redemption is accomplished. It is finished. But the application of that redemptive work of Christ by the Holy Spirit is another matter, one that I did not really come to grips with because it involves suffering which nobody wants to come to grips with - either suffering in this life or suffering afterwards to expiate or to repay or to provide restitution for the effects of sin. But that distinction is going to be crucial from the beginning of our time today until the end -- that Christ has accomplished our redemption. It's over and done with. He has finished it. But then He sends the Holy Spirit to apply it, and the application of redemption is just as essential. We don't have a binary deity, the Father and the Son We have a trinitery deity, a family -- a Father, a Son and a Holy Spirit. Jesus said, "I come to baptize with fire and spirit." And so, when the Spirit comes at Pentecost, tongues of fire appear, and whenever the Holy Spirit appears, there is Holy Fire. When we are taken up into the Spirit, there we are consumed with a passionate, burning love, the furnace of Christ's heart, the reality of the Holy Spirit, the fiery love of God. Dr. Hahn dwells on the "applicational" role of the Holy Spirit with regard to the Work on the Cross and us humans. So far it's satisfactory, but it is worth noting that this "application" cannot be first defined in general, without reference to the biblical teaching on this. We have plenty of NT testimonies on this, and all are connected either with this life (the H. S. teaches, comforts, assures, equips, tries us etc.) or with the resurrection. No reference whatever to His continuous mission to the dead is found in the NT, at least not in the sense what dr. Hahn employs here, viz. "applying Christ's redemption to us." Those in heaven until resurrection are depicted as "waiting," not as "being made perfect." Paul also used the picture of "arrival" to Christian death. Well, it may be argued that his stress was on instructing believers about "this" life on earth, and not on the "perfection" part "after death," but this would have nothing to rely on from other NT verses. That is not because Christ's work is not enough. It's rather the application of the work of Jesus Christ. Now that block, that obstacle was one of the biggest. It was the biggest for me as far as the doctrine of purgatory was concerned, and I would suggest that for many non-Protestants, for many Catholics, it's an obstacle, too, because I find in discussions that many Catholics as well as Protestants share this misunderstanding. So, I would say, the second problem that I had to deal with, and we are also going to deal with today, is misconceptions of purgatory. I've come across people in the Church who are firmly convinced that purgatory gives people a second chance. It doesn't! Now, you may think, that's just a non-Catholic misconception, but no, it's a common Catholic misconception -- that if you died and you were alienated from God, purgatory is your second chance. That's not the case. That totally distorts the Church's teaching. Those people who in God's grace and mercy are allowed to enter into purgatory die in a state of grace, not just with supernatural faith and hope but with supernatural charity that was alive in their hearts and lives. That is the prerequisite for entering purgatory. You cannot die in the state of mortal sin; you cannot die estranged from God, in a way hostile to God, having committed yourself to valuing things of the world more than the creator of the world. You cannot do those things and enter purgatory, much less heaven. Purgatory is not a second chance. It's only for those whom God has from all eternity destined for heaven, and it's only for those who die in a state of grace. Let's now have an anticipative look at some of the traditional RC prooftexts. The Roman interpretation of "You won't come out until you've paid all" can hardly be reconciled with this "not a second chance" disclaimer. "It won't be pardoned neither in this age or in that to come," if viewed purgatorially, directly results in a concept of "second chance." These references, of course, speak about hell, but as applied to the need of the audience, they may involve details which have no connection to the teaching conveyed by the entire oracles. "You won't come out" warns against hard-heartedness, and to infer from "until you have paid all" a provision for purgatory is a mere dilution of Christ's intention. The same can be said about "pardoned in the age to come," which is most likely to serve as a hyperbole for "never." Furthermore, we've got to clarify the fact that it is not to make up for Christ's unfinished work. I've already said that, but that, too, is a common misconception that continually needs clarification. There's nothing inadequate about the work of Christ. It's finished, but it needs to be applied. Likewise, some historians suggest that purgatory is a Medieval invention, because the word purgatorio is not common. It's not frequently found in the early Church's writings. In fact, it's very infrequent and rare. Now, you'll see that the word is rare, but the teaching is not just common, but practically everywhere, going back to the earliest times. Any RC Church historian will confirm that the notion of purgatory was /gradually/ inferred from several Church practices. Among them penitential discipline (discommunion, fasting, occupying a lower place in the congregation, later: compulsory prayers, pilgrimage, donation etc.), which was first of all a test of genuineness of repentance, and only as a result of theological speculation did it evolve into a kind of "debt-paying" to God. This has to be borne in mind when one starts to read patristic testimonies, and even more emphatically when studying the NT. Then, finally, some real cynics and some real anti-Catholics would suggest that purgatory is just simply and essentially a money-making scheme to sell indulgences and to make money for the stipends that the priest receives at Mass. Now, seeing that the stipends vary, but they're around five dollars per Mass, no one is going to be getting rich saying Mass. And as far as indulgences are concerned, we're going to have to deal with that at a later time, but that just reflects a total misunderstanding of what the Church, in fact, teaches about indulgences. It is not just the present understanding of a particular doctrine or practice that we need to pay heed to when dealing with the /origin/ thereof. The use of indulgences, as partly converting "temporal punishment" to financial payment, partly remitting them, was introduced in the late Middle Ages, following the example of German secular right (when converting blood revenge into ransom). The pretension about the "treasury of the Church" which is found in the bull Unigenitus, 1343, is mere extrapolation and projection of obscure practice into an existing item of theology. Those "abuses" which Trent undertook to eradicate were not so much abuses but rather the necessary results of such a materialistic concept of grace, merit, punishment, and indulgence which allowed ecclesiastical sovereigns to merchandise with them as if they were some kind of Christian legal tender. Indeed, popes used to call indulgences "merx sancta," holy deal. With this in mind, no room whatever is left for apologetic evasions like the above one of dr. Hahn. The accidental fact that humankind has undergone a maturization process (not to evaluate but just to recognize it) since Luther and Tetzel - does in no way mitigate the scandal caused by Rome once having instituted those "innumerable private Masses for sordid gain," as Calvin put it dryly. The origin of the indulgences in their present doctrinal formulation is in a great deal smacking of filthy lucre, as it was Trent to have first defined them. These are common misconceptions that we want to put aside. We want to understand what the Church teaches. We want to understand why the Church teaches it, and we want to go into the Bible and into Church history to confirm the teaching. But first of all, a definition. I take this now from the New Catholic Encyclopedia: "Purgatory is the state, place or condition in the next world which will continue until the Last Judgment, where the souls of those who die in a state of grace, but not yet free from all imperfection, make expiation, that is, restitution for unforgiven venial sins and mortal sins that have already been forgiven, and by doing so, are purified before they enter heaven." Now, before I proceed, I'm going to have to deal with an elementary objection that's going to come up over and over again, and that is, what is this idea of mortal versus venial sin? I mean what kind of cost accounting is this? Now, not just anti-Catholics but non- Catholics have a question about this, and I'm going to make that distinction clear right now. There are millions of non-Catholics with whom we share many things in common, but there is something else out there and that is the anti-Catholic. The anti-Catholic might be Protestant, might be Orthodox, might be atheist, might be agnostic, might be just nothing. But they are people with a passionate desire to "do-in" the Catholic Church and the faith of Catholics. That is something altogether distinct from just being non-Catholic. We should hold hatred for neither. We should love them both, but we should keep clearly in mind that when you meet a non-Catholic, chances are, they love the Lord and they try to follow the Bible the best they can. We need to give them the benefit of the doubt. We need to extend charity to them and, even if you discover that they have got a deep anti-Catholic streak that's almost venomous, we continue to do the same thing. But keep clear in your mind that there are non-Catholics, and then there are anti-Catholics. Both groups have questions about this distinction. I did, too. Then, all of a sudden, I came across, read and then pondered a passage in 1st John, chapter 5. It says this, "If anyone sees his brother committing what is not a mortal sin, he will ask and God will give him life for those whose sin is not mortal. There is sin which is mortal. I do not say that one is to pray for that. All wrongdoing is sin, but there is sin which is not mortal." Now, John is talking about two kinds of sin. One is mortal, that is deadly. You cannot pray for somebody in mortal sin and sacrifice and have that prayer, intrinsically, be effective; whereas if somebody is in venial sin, you can actually, because you share a spiritual solidarity, you can actually sacrifice and pray on behalf of that person and in a sense restore them and strengthen them. Some sin kills. Other sin merely wounds. All sin is despicable. You might say, "Well, if it's only venial, why not?" That's not what the Church teaches or allows or implies. Somebody could say, "Well, look, if what I do doesn't kill me, then, why don't I go ahead and do it?" You wouldn't do that in natural life with your physical body. You wouldn't say, "Well, I'm only going to be scarred for life. I'm only going to be maimed. I'm only going to be paralyzed; therefore, I can just go ahead and do these things. You know, third degree burns, but I can still breathe and metabolize." No, we treat our bodies with respect. We've got to learn to treat our souls the same way. Just because a venal sin does not kill, it still scars and wounds and weakens and inclines us to mortal sin. All sin is despicable to God and to those who are His children. But there is a distinction which John assumes. He doesn't feel any need to argue it, but he takes it for granted. And I've got to tell you, when I first pondered this passage, it startled me because the conclusions are striking. Let's keep that in mind because the definition assumes that prior understanding of the distinction between mortal and venial sins. The apostle John is frequently, we may say routinely quoted in favour of the traditional distinction between "mortal" and "venial" sins. But there is always a danger looming behind this method of retrospective theologizing, namely that the author cited may have had completely different things and concepts in mind from those advocated by the analyst. Such is the case with those apologists who strive to back up the mentioned distinction in this traditional way. For John in the very next sentence bluntly puts aside praying for those in /sin unto death/. Is this compatible with present RC understanding of mortal sin? The RCC has ever, even in the thickest era of her "exclusively salvific" conviction, been praying for those separated from her, no matter whether recently or anciently. One might but refer to the clause "oremus et pro perfidis Judaeis," let us pray for the infidel Jews, so that God may grant them the grace of repentance, on Good Friday, which is now prayed in a slightly more ecumenical way, thanks to pope John 23b. But not to indulge in ecclesiastical history, let me appeal to common sense: don't millions of Roman Catholics pray daily for murderers, tyrants, homosexuals, and people whom they must, by the force of their concept of mortal sin, consider as mortally sinning ones? Of course they do - but without constantly having before them John's prohibition "thereof." Roman apologetics is here in the severest conflict with Roman piety. Once having made use of that Joannine passage, they have inevitably engaged themselves /not to pray/ for murderers etc. Whereas their sound piety urges them to do the opposite. The discrepancy is solved, however, if we don't interpret "sin unto death" in John's epistle as an equivalent of mortal sin in present RC theology. Rather we ought to compare it with the Lord's own saying about the "blasphemy against the Spirit," which, in turn, has nothing to do either with challenging the doctrines of the modern Charismatic movement or with any accidental utterance of falsehood regarding the person of the Holy Spirit. This particular sin, as clear from the context, can be described as hardened unbelief in Jesus as Christ, and refusing to accept the miraculous evidence in favour of this message. In the case of professing Christians, the blasphemy of the Holy Spirit is equal to apostasy (cf. Heb. 3:12-15, 6:4-8, 10:26-29). This, and nothing else, is the sin which usually isn't worth praying for (exceptions granted). John, in his admonition (for it isn't a real prohibition) mentions "sin unto death" in this meaning. So there is indeed a biblical distinction between mortal and not mortal sins - but the division isn't made along medieval sin catalogues, as today's RC apologists would insist. Now, let's ask ourselves, "What is the evidence for this?" I want to share with you my own intellectual, spiritual pilgrimage on this particular point because, as I said, I didn't just have intellectual problems, I had emotional problems, psychological difficulties with this teaching. One thing I did, though, was to ask the Lord to open my mind. And I continued to pray that as I went through the evidence for and against this idea of purgatory. Conclusions of Old Testament Non-Catholic Scholars and Hahn About Belief in Sheol I have here a note card that goes back several years, long before I became a Catholic. I went through much of scripture, as much of it as possible pertaining to the subject, and then I poured through the writings of Protestants and Catholics to see what they could do to shed light on scripture. I have several articles summarized on this little note card. I can barely read it and I'm just four inches away from it, but I want to share with you some of the conclusions of these scholars who are not Catholic but open-minded scholars who are studying the Word came to in the Old Testament. This focuses upon the belief in sheol. I'm going to suggest that what the Latin word, "purgatorio" signifies, that is the place where we are purged of disordered self-love, the Hebrew word, "sheol" can also signify or denote. Just like the Greek word "hades" can denote it. Three words, perhaps with the same reality, with proper distinctions made, if we had the time and the energy and the know-how and so on. But I would suggest that "hades," the Greek word, is not normally associated with just simply "hell fire." "Gehenna" is the word that Jesus uses for hell fire, "where the worm dieth not" and there's this unquenchable fire. That's actually borrowed from the garbage dump outside of Jerusalem, "ge-hin-nom," the valley of hin-nom, which was where King Manasus sacrificed thousands of Israelite children to Molek, a demon god. After that nobody wanted to live in such defiled land, so it became the garbage dump, with fires continually burning. Nobody wanted to get near it because of defilement. It was a haunt of demons. That was the image that Christ used for hell, as we normally associate it, but hades is a term that admits to a kind of double usage as we will see and as scholars have seen. For instance, Ellard Bailey in a book, "Death in the Literature of the Old Testament" speaks about how throughout the Old Testament, the belief is found that the good and the evil go down to sheol, it's the place where the righteous and the unrighteous go. In Brown, Driver and Briggs, one of the most authoritative reference works for understanding Hebrew words, you can look up sheol, and there you find that sheol is divided into two sections, one for the evil and one for the good. You can actually find in the apocryphal work of 1st Enoch that it is divided up further into four sections: the evil section into two sections, those who are evil and those who are really evil; and also two sections for the good as well. R. L. Harris in another study speaks of sheol as the grave. He has been heavily criticized by scholars across the board for trying to reduce the word sheol down to being merely the grave. He especially ignored a major work in German that I came across by Afmar Kiel. Now I know you're not just going to rush out to a seminary book store and purchase all of these works and read them by tomorrow morning, but you can get the tape or you can take notes on this and perhaps get some of these sources later on. Another scholar by the name of Hiedel spoke of sheol as existing in the Old Testament for the righteous. He also did a word study of the underworld, the nether world and saw it associated with the evil. One of the key studies I came across, however, is by a man named Alexander, an Evangelical Protestant with decidedly non-Catholic leanings entitled, "The Old Testament View of Life After Death in Familias" in 1986, I believe. He rejects a lot of views that would basically make an Old Testament look like primitive garbage. He shows that sheol throughout the Old Testament represented the abode of the dead, the underworld for both the wicked and the righteous. For the wicked it was dark and silent and terrifying and a kind of imminent or ultimate preparation for final punishment. But for the good, there was hope, not pleasure, not comfort necessarily, but hope, great hope. Now, working through these scholars and their studies of the Old Testament doctrine of sheol, I'd also done my own study. I came to the conclusion that they were right, that the Old Testament has a firm teaching that you could find in many different strata or levels of Old Testament tradition and there you find this belief that the soul goes on living somehow in a shadowy world where the righteous and the unrighteous have a share, although it's distinct; and it is not a pleasant place. It is not a pleasant place at all. One must read the abovementioned scholars thoroughly, even when they emphasize the earthly nature of the blessings promised by the Law. One also has to analyze Proverbs and Ecclesiastes/Job from this point of view: in the former, "traditional" teaching is expounded and supported with examples - and in the latter ones, the massive empirical counter-examples culminate in a sort of tension, which was later, in a course of theological meditation and further interaction of Judaism with the Middle- Eastern thought (finding a pointed expression in the book of Daniel), solved in apocalyptic expectations. The primitive (undetailed) ideas about the underworld (cold, dark, depressing) date back to the time in which Proverbs (and some theologically poised psalms saying that "the welfare of the sinners is futile") could do away with the never-ceasing doubts in earthly justice. Heavenly reward and infernal punishment, on the other hand, grew emphatic only when these temporal solutions "expired." Thus far the twofold underworld is a logical consequence of theological meditation (and can be from another point of view described as an actual event of divine revelation), but is further division justified? We might start with the "revelation" side. As our Lord didn't just accept the common beliefs of His own age, we might ask "Did He speak about a purgatory"? The answer will be unfolded from the point-by-point criticism of dr. Hahn's essay. Next, the "meditation" aspect. We must not derive our results from OT apocrypha or rabbinical conjectures but confine ourselves to NT theology as written in the Bible. This resolution is the only option for classical Protestants, and also compulsory for Roman Catholics - for the mere fact that the NT canon exists, testifies about the utter need of an orthodox teaching from the first century. If we bring in Gnostic, Hellenic, or even pseudo-apostolic writings then we inevitably end up in minimizing the role of the Bible - whereas our "meditational" inquiry needs guidelines to determine whether a tendency of thought is orthodox or not. Biblical Evidence for Belief in Sheol/Purgatory Now, let's just take a look at a few passages to see this. We can see for instance in 2nd Samuel 22. If you have a Bible, turn with me to the book of 2nd Samuel. In chapter 22, verse 6, we have an important passage. This, in effect, is a psalm of praise written by David talking about how he has been delivered. He describes his earthly suffering in cataclysmic and apocalyptic imagery to show how his earthly deliverances by God are signifying the ultimate deliverance that he will undergo at the grave. He says in verse 5, "For the ways of death encompassed me, the torrents of perdition assailed me, the cords of sheol entangled me, the snares of death confronted me, and in my distress I called upon the Lord. To my God I called...." And it goes on describing how in verse 20, for instance, "He brought me forth into a broad place." It implies that sheol is a place of entanglement and perdition or at least, I should say, it's a place where those who die go down. Dr. Hahn's logic is quite endearing when he says David's "earthly deliverances by God are signifying the ultimate deliverance that he will undergo at the grave." Actually, David (in a way of thinking very characteristic of the "earthly reward" theology) expresses his joy about his "just and deserved" (v. 25) deliverance from sheol. By this he simply denotes early and thus shameful death, the opposition of which was long and satisfied life (Job, Ps 91). But there is nothing in the text to suggest any deliverance from a place called sheol after physical death. Conversely, David considers such a thing impossible: he gives thanks for God's provision in letting him escape from before death, and not for resurrecting him - not to speak of any hypothetical purgatory. This was miles away from David. We see the same teaching in Psalm 18, verse 5, which is practically the same psalm as we read in 2nd Samuel 22, so we can skip over. Let's take a look at Psalm 86, verse 13. We can only be selective because the limits of time but, rest assured, there are literally dozens and dozens of places where the term sheol is used. In my version, I'm using the Revised Standard Version, the term is simply left untranslated, because it's very difficult to translate the Hebrew sheol into any English word that we usually use. So, anyway, Psalm 86, verse 13. In Psalm 86, verse 13, we see, "Great is thy steadfast love toward me. Thou hast delivered my soul from the depths of sheol. Thou hast delivered my soul from the depths of sheol." Other passages you could look at include Psalm 116, verse 3. You can actually see the New Testament citing this passage in reference to Christ in Acts chapter 2:27-31. The psalms give thanks for not being harmed by violent persecutors, and nothing, apart from the NT reference, suggests that they have /their/ resurrection in mind. What Peter did was not making David speak of his own resurrection (or, horribile dictu, his being snatched out of purgatory); he was quoted as /prophesying/ about Christ's resurrection. But such passages can hardly serve as prooftexts for purgatory. As for the "meditation" side, one who undertakes to trace a purgatory here is, to say the least, naive: for it was Christ's unique bodily resurrection which was justified with this quotation, not the penal purification of individual Christians. You could almost summarize this perspective as you look at the Book of Sirach, chapter 7, verse 33, where we hear, "Withhold not your kindness, O Lord from the dead." So there's a continued perspective throughout Old Testament times that God's kindness extends down to the realm of the dead, the abode of the dead and that there is a distinction made between the righteous and the unrighteous as they await Messiah's coming. This book is apocryphal, but that apart, ben Sira exhorts his disciple to partake of mourning, to be sympathetic of the bereaved relatives - and not, as dr. Hahn imagines, following a late Rabbinic tradition, (the text nowhere reads "O Lord"), does he pray to God that He should resurrect the dead (or let the "poor souls" out of the "purgatorial fire"). A prophetic interpretation, in turn, would require at least one NT reference - and even this would result in theological chaos: for the "dead" include those in hell, too. Now, of course, you've been awaiting for the most important passage of all in the Old Testament, at least the Catholic Old Testament, 2nd Maccabees. Let's turn now to 2nd Maccabees, chapter 12 and look together at verses 39 through 45. This is the locus classicus. This is the place you always turn as a Catholic to show this belief. But I might suggest that you don't have to be a Catholic to find great insight in this passage. There's no question in the minds of non-Catholic scholars that the seven books in the Old Testament that the Catholics include but the Protestants exclude were quoted and cited or alluded to by New Testament writers. I have several non-Catholic scholars who vigorously assert and affirm that. This simplistic argument (obviously put to fight against certain Fundamentalists) doesn't work any longer, if we glance at the multifarious ways and sources of quotations in the NT. Even Greek poets were cited - and this doesn't make them any more authoritative. So, even if the Jews did not include this in their official collection or their official canon in Jesus' day, and that's a point to be disputed, but even if they didn't have 2nd Maccabees in their official Bible -- for instance, the Palestinian Jews may well not have, although the Diaspora Jews seem to have included it. Whether or not, it doesn't matter. The point is 2nd Maccabees was not rejected for teaching some outlandish novelty, some weird innovation. Rather prayers by the Jews in Temple and Synagogue on behalf of the dead are traceable back to the earliest times. We can't find the origin of it because, as far back as we go, it's a prevalent custom that is unquestioned. So, in 2nd Maccabees we are going to see something that is startling not from what it argues, but for what it assumes. Verse 39, "On the following day, since the task had now become urgent, Judas and his men went to gather up the bodies of the slain and bury them with their kinsmen in their ancestral tombs. But under the tunic of each of the dead, they found amulets sacred to the idols of Jamnia which the law forbids the Jews to wear." It's forbidden but it would be something we would probably label venial sin. It's bad, don't get me wrong, it's not something to be lightly brushed aside or anything. "So it was clear to all that this was why these men had been slain. They all, therefore, praised the ways of the Lord, the just judge who brings to light the things that are hidden. Turning to supplication, they prayed that the sinful deed might be fully blotted out. The noble Judas warned the soldiers to keep themselves free from sin for they had seen with their own eyes what had happened because of the sin of those who had fallen. He then took up a collection among all the soldiers amounting to 2000 silver drachmas, which he sent to Jerusalem, to the Temple, to provide for expiatory sacrifice. In doing this he acted in a very excellent and noble way inasmuch as he had the resurrection of the dead in view. For if he were not expecting the fallen to rise again, it would have been useless and foolish to pray for them in death." This belief in the resurrection is found in Job and Daniel and elsewhere. "But if he did this with a view to the splendid reward that awaits those who had gone to rest in godliness, it was a holy and pious thought." It's a holy, it's a wholesome thought to pray for the dead. "Thus he made atonement for the dead that they might be freed from this sin." Now, simple logic tells us that there is a third realm. If they're in hell, no expiatory sacrifice will help. If they're in heaven, no expiatory sacrifice is needed. They must be some place else. The problem with this famous text is that it turns out to advocate numerous implausible doctrines which are considered heresies even by RCs. Namely, those who were prayed for had committed idolatry, because things dedicated to idols were found in their pocket. The punishment for idolatry can hardly be lessened to the level of purgatory. It's hell. RC official doctrine says that 1. Idolatry is a mortal sin, 2. Not "invincibly ignorant" people who had committed mortal sin and don't regain the lost "state of sanctifying grace" go inevitably to hell. No room is left for the weak evasion that they "did penance" for their sins but couldn't "perform the works of satisfaction". True repentance is always manifest in abhorring our sins, turning to God's infinite mercy and in throwing away the things dedicated to the idols. These slaughtered ones, on the contrary, kept carrying their sordid things under their apparel, thus making clearer than daylight that they didn't do any penance but remained in the state of mortal sin until their death. Thus, by the time they were prayed for, they were burning in the unquenchable flames of hell. And the author of the apocryphal fable of 2Mac knew it very well from the Law, considering the fact that he wrote: "this thing is forbidden to Jews by the Law". The additional comment, "it was a praiseworthy deed on Judas' part," does but betray the author's utter contempt on the law which rendered idolatry the most abominable among all sins. So the survivors blasphemed God by asserting that they acted in a godly way when praying for these particular dead people, and those accepting this apocryphal verse as proof for purgatory necessarily endorse the author's grave doctrinal errors: that idolatry is a venial sin, or that hell doesn't exist, or that those who are known to be in hell can be rescued from there with enough money. Those arguing with this apocryphal passage even surpass the audacity of the pope who granted the first indulgence - for even he didn't dare to encroach upon hell. Now, what do you mean "some place else?" You're just fabricating that for the convenience of defending the doctrine. Not so. As we unpack the doctrinal teachings and the evidence from scripture, we can see this idea clearly stated, even in the New Testament. Turn with me now to 1st Peter, chapter 3, beginning in verse 17. In 1st Peter, chapter 3, verse 17, we read, "For it is better to suffer for doing right, if that should be God's will, than for doing wrong. For Christ also died for sins once for all. The righteous for the unrighteous, that He might bring us to God. Being put to death in the flesh but made alive in the spirit in which He went and preached to the spirits in prison." What's he talking about? Well, almost all commentators see this as in continuity with the Hebrew idea of sheol. "But made alive in the spirit in which He went and preached to the spirits in prison who formerly did not obey when God's patience waited in the days of Noah during the building of the ark in which only a few, that is, eight persons were saved through water." Now, somebody could say, "Well, these people are only being preached to, to secure their damnation and finalize it." Well that's certainly a gratuitous reading that's not suggested in the text. What is suggested in the text from the previous verse, is we're talking about Christ the righteous dying for the unrighteous that He might bring us to God. So he goes on to talk about the unrighteous who are in prison, but who are in prison for unrighteousness that we might not consider mortal. It's unrighteousness, but it is not the kind of sin that is full-fledged and completely rationally chosen in rebellion, full scale rebellion against God. This is something perhaps quite different. At any rate, we have something that is neither hell nor heaven which Christ entered and then exited and, as the early Church firmly believed throughout the Church, Christ descended into hades. That's the term, we translate it hell, but we sometimes mislead people -- He descended into hades and then He ascended into heaven leading captivity captive, as Ephesians 4 says. In other words leading those who had been captive in prison for ages, the righteous of the Old Testament, in a train of glory up to heaven. There's an apocryphal work that some tried to slip into the New Testament. It didn't really get far but it's called the Gospel of Nicodemus in which this teaching is just so obviously assumed, it reflects a common understanding of the early Church, even if it is not in a book that we would want to include in scripture. Arguments of this kind may at one time justify all kinds of vile chancery, for this reasoning can be extended to all NT apocrypha. Well was it said against those who add anything to the book of Revelation that they will be smitten with all the calamities therein. Some Roman Catholics indeed don't dread to quote such fabrications to establish their beliefs from there. But dr. Hahn is mistaken: this false gospel doesn't prove the existence of a "third place." Gospel of Nicodemus, V (XXI). 3 all the saints said unto Hell: [...] The Lord looked down from heaven that he might hear the groanings of them that are in fetters and deliver the children of them that have been slain. And now, O thou most foul and stinking Hell, open thy gates, that the King of glory may come in. And as David spake thus unto Hell, the Lord of majesty appeared in the form of a man and lightened the eternal darkness and brake the bonds that could not be loosed: and the succour of his everlasting might visited us that sat in the deep darkness of our transgressions and in the shadow of death of our sins. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ But what sins? Those venial ones for which one allegedly falls headlong into purgatory? No wise, as one would expect centuries before Gregory the Great who gave purgatory its present shape. VI (XXII). 1 When Hell and death and their wicked ministers saw that, they were stricken with fear, they and their cruel officers, at the sight of the brightness of so great light in their own realm, seeing Christ of a sudden in their abode, and they cried out, saying: We are overcome by thee. Who art thou that art sent by the Lord for our confusion? Who art thou that without all damage of corruption, and with the signs (?) of thy majesty unblemished, dost in wrath condemn our power? Who art thou that art so great and so small, both humble and exalted, both soldier and commander, a marvelous warrior in the shape of a bondsman, and a King of glory dead and living, whom the cross bare slain upon it? Thou that didst lie dead in the sepulchre hast come down unto us living and at thy death all creation quaked and all the stars were shaken and thou hast become free among the dead and dost rout our legions. Who art thou that settest free the prisoners that are held bound by original sin and restorest them into their ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ former liberty? Who art thou that sheddest thy divine and bright light upon them that were blinded with the darkness of their sins? After the same manner all the legions of devils were stricken with like fear and cried out all together in the terror of their confusion, saying: Whence art thou, Jesus, a man so mighty and bright in majesty, so excellent without spot and clean from sin? For that world of earth which hath been always subject unto us until now, and did pay tribute to our profit, hath never sent unto us a dead man like thee, nor ever dispatched such a gift unto Hell. Who then art thou that so fearlessly enterest our borders, and not only fearest not our torments, but besides essayest to bear away all men out of our bonds? Peradventure thou art that Jesus, of whom Satan our prince said that by thy death of the cross thou shouldest receive the dominion of the whole world. So it was original sin, not actual. Thus the place whence the imprisoned ancestors were snatched out was the good old hell, or rather the underworld, not purgatory. This myth it somewhat hinted at by the epistle of Peter, and dr. Hahn is right in pointing out the erroneousness of the vague Fundamentalist conjecture about Christ quasi-condemning His hearers beneath. But the text doesn't give credit for the Roman purgatory - it does but explain from a Christian viewpoint the destiny of the OT righteous. And it doesn't have the slightest reference to any penal purification either. The result is rather mean for dr. Hahn who had undertaken to show the existence of a third place apart from heaven and hell. Actually what he found is the "righteous" part of the Sheol, but that without any fiery trial. So here we see in 1st Peter, chapter 3, clear teaching for this intermediate state, but even more, an intermediate place. Now, somebody could say, "Where else do you go?" Let's take a look at the Book of Revelation, chapter 20, verses 4-6 and 11 and following. In Revelation 20, John has a vision. In verse 4 it says, "Then I saw heavenly thrones and seated on them were those to whom judgment was committed. Also, I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their testimony to Jesus." Probably a reference to the prophets like John the Baptist who had been literally beheaded for his marturia, his testimony. The word is mar-tu-ria, where we get the word martyrs. "...testimony to Jesus and for the word of God and it would not worship the beast or its image and had not received its mark on the forehead with their hands. They came to life and reigned with Christ a thousand years in heaven on these thrones." We'll return to this by the way when we look into the evidence from the New Testament for the cult of the saints, why we believe that some saints are actively interceding on our behalf with heavenly authority. We go on, verse 5, "The rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were ended." They were dead but they weren't in heaven. They didn't come to life. "This is the first resurrection," that is, those who die and immediately go to heaven and sit on thrones because they were martyrs. That's the first resurrection, those who have been martyred. "Blessed and holy is he who shares in the first resurrection. Over such, the second death has no power for they shall be priests of God, and they shall reign with him a thousand years." St. Maxmillian Kolbe's feast day is this day. He is one of those heavenly priests interceding for us because he was martyred on behalf of Christ's people in the war. It goes on now. We can take a look at verse 11, "Then I saw a great white throne and him who sat upon it. From his presence earth and sky fled away and no place was found for them and I saw the dead, great and small, standing before the throne and the books were opened. And another book was opened which was the book of life and the dead were judged by what was written in the books by what they had done and the sea gave up the dead in it. Death and hades gave up the dead in them and all were judged by what they had done. Then death and hades were thrown into the lake of fire. This is the second death and if anyone's name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire." Two classes of righteous, those who are martyred, they just went straight to heaven and sat on thrones and reigned with Christ. But there's a second group, isn't there? Those that did not participate in the first resurrection of the righteous martyrs, but they did have their names written in the book of life; so when the white throne, the great white throne of judgment occurs, they are delivered from hades. They participate in what you could call the second resurrection, not the second death and afterwards death and hades are swallowed up in the lake of fire, and then you've got pure hell and pure heaven and no more intermediate place or state at the end of time. Now you might say, "Well, John is not arguing these things. He's not demonstrating the existence of this third place." That's right. I acknowledge that point, but he is assuming it. What's so remarkable is that he doesn't feel any need to argue it. He seems to think this can be assumed. They are not so righteous as to lay down their lives. They didn't embrace the cross so fully that they died as martyrs and persevered through all the pain and suffering. Here dr. Hahn is apparently striving strenuously to extort from the book of Revelation a testimony for purgatory, although he justly feels that the required explicitness is wanting. So he falls back on the lower but safer line and proclaims that John "assumes" the existence of a third place, and, what is the most surprising, the gist of the argument is derived from John's /lack of/ addressing the issue concretely. Maybe a little bit more scrupulosity in logic could have been exerted: for it's a trivial philosophical axiom that a possible reason for an action is not a logical consequence of the action. Dr. Hahn sets up a theory explaining why John speaks about two resurrections - and then he turns around to say that this theory is the only satisfactory one. The logical fallacy is too obvious to require any comment; now I'd like, apart from sending back this /theory/ to its proper place, to further discredit it by showing where it leads. Now, Dr. Hahn presumes that all /martyrs/ go to heaven immediately - thus far it is accordant with RC tradition. But then, the converse theorem, viz. that "/others/ are sent to an intermediate state," is a weird and downrightly heretical one. For who among RCs could safely maintain the proposition that Mary, the mother of Christ, wasn't assumed into heaven for the very reason that she wasn't martyred? Let them say that she is an exceptional one - but what about the apostle John, of whom it is believed that he died at an old age without any executioner's intervention? Or even Peter who wasn't /beheaded/ according to the popular tradition? Note well, the text reads "beheaded," and not "crucified upside down"! - So, on a general level, is it a useful and satisfactory method of polemicizing with Protestants which necessarily excludes most of the canonized RC "saints" from heaven for the mere reason that they weren't born in an era when they could have proven their sanctity and conformity with God's design with the shedding of their blood? Let's desist from flogging this dead horse further. But the existence of purgatory is by no means implied by the manner John relates his visions. For this it will suffice to look at the historical context: the fiery persecution which had befallen the churches required a divinely sealed consolation and a strong exhortation unto perseverance. That's why John was shown the martyrs, and their inheritance in heaven - but couldn't they have been manifested as the models of _all_ Christians, there and then? Are we really to assume that John was - albeit implicitly - intent to set up a dividing wall among martyrs and non-martyrs? But still it appears that he did so. In order to disperse such fumes, let's but refer to another testimony about resurrection: 1Cor 15:23. If the first resurrection is martyrdom, and other Christians are omitted, then why did Paul teach that first Christ was resurrected, then "those who are His, at His coming" (1Cor 15:23)? "And finally, the end," when death will be abolished. Are we to maintain that the non-martyrs are /not Christ's/?! I hope no. Dr. Hahn's distorted and conspicuously ad hoc interpretation is thus ruled out. I leave it to the reader to apply his pre-, mid-, post-tribulational or amillennial view to Rev 20:5 and figure out whether those in 20:12 are non-Christians, non-raptured Christians or other classes of people. But one thing is intolerable: that dr. Hahn sets up a staggering theory based on /deduction,/ and forces it on the text as the only satisfactory explanation. The motives are far too obvious to require further refutation. Let's go back one second. I just remembered something. Let's go back to 1st Peter 3 and read on something more. In 1st Peter as he goes on talking about all of this, just a couple of verses down we come to Peter 4:1. There we read this, "Since therefore Christ suffered in the flesh, arm yourselves with the same thought for whoever has suffered in the flesh has ceased from sin." God has called many of you to suffer in this town and in this life and it's hard. I can't even describe it. I'll bet you it's probably worse than I can imagine in some cases here. Why would He do it if He loves us and wants to bless us? In spite of that love? No, precisely because of that love. He loves us too much, He loves us just the way we are but He loves us far too much to let us stay that way. And how do you squeeze sin out of a sinner? - by giving him faith and hope and charity and suffering. That endurance brings hope and that hope does not disappoint us as Romans 4 says. It brings ultimately the finest fruit of charity which alone abides forever, in 1st Corinthians 13 we read about that. It goes on, 1st Peter 4, verse 8, "Above all hold unfailing your love for one another since love covers a multitude of sins." In other words, it's not just Christ suffering. It's not just Christ's love that covers our sins. We are so truly united to Christ, His life is so truly filling us up that when we suffer, we cease from sin. It isn't just Christ suffering. It's Christ suffering lived out in us and through us for our sake and for those around us, but then as charity flowers and becomes complete and perfect in us, love covers a multitude of sins. Why? Because Christ's love wasn't enough, He didn't suffer long enough? No, because His suffering and His redemption having been finished and accomplished by the Holy Spirit, the third forgotten Person of the Trinity, applied in us who are mystical members of His mystical body. The essence of Christianity is Christ reproducing His life, His suffering, His death and then His resurrection in glory in us. That is the essence of Christianity. Christ is our substitute for Adam who did us in, but He is not a substitute in the sense that He was righteous so that we could be unrighteous. He suffered so that we don't have to suffer. He took our stripes so that we only have healing and good times and easy street from here on. Sure, God does heal us sometimes, on earth, in time. But don't ever, ever swallow the line that you're not healed because you don't have faith and you're in a really bad state because you're still suffering from this disease or this illness and so on. Don't fall for that because sometimes God doesn't heal somebody on earth in time because He's got a much greater healing in mind. He's not satisfied with just giving us back a few more years of earthly life. Sometimes He loves us so much that He wants to give us the greatest gift of all and that is eternal glory and a resurrection body, which is the final and complete and ultimate healing that we really should be craving and praying for. Verse 12, "Beloved, do not be surprised at the fiery ordeal which comes upon you." Notice what kind of ordeal? Fiery! "The Holy Spirit led the people of Israel through the wilderness as a pillar of fire by night and smoke by day." Into what -- good times, comfort, ease and pleasure? No. Forty years of wandering in the wilderness sure ain't fun and all life is an exile, wilderness of spirit, the New Testament teaches us. We are pilgrims. We're in exodus. We're leaving this world, the Egypt of the New Testament. We're going to heaven, the Promised Land, but in the meantime, we're wandering. Led by the Holy Spirit, a pillar of fire. So He calls us to go through deserts. He calls us to encounter all kinds of trials. Why? Because He didn't want us to have too much fun? No. Because He doesn't want us to just settle down and pig out on earthly goods. Earthly goods are good, but they are only hors d'oeuvres. They are only meant to whet our appetite for the heavenly banquet. If we pig out on the hors d'oeuvres, what's going to happen? We're going to lose any desire for heaven and the banquet of the lamb. So the Holy Spirit in love sends fire and ordeals which come upon us to prove us. To prove you as though something strange will happen to you, but rejoice insofar as you share Christ's sufferings "...that you may also rejoice and be glad when His glory is revealed." I might say this strongly. The Catholic view of suffering is one of the most beautiful truths that the Church teaches, but perhaps one of the most weird and incomprehensible ideas to non-Catholics. It took me years to understand it and it probably will take me decades to try to emulate and live it out. It's incredible, but I'm going to tell you, our world is in need of it! This health and wealth gospel that says, "You name it, you claim it, you can get wealthy and you're healed," is bogus. Preach that to the Ethiopians, "Come on, kids, you don't have to starve. Have enough faith." That's perverse! We are called to share in Christ's suffering so that we could share in His glory. Some of us take short cuts, don't we? But God will not abandon us because He loves us immature children too much, just the way we are, but too much to let us stay that way. He brings one fiery ordeal after another. If you are suffering a great deal. If you are going through a kind of purgatory on earth, you rejoice. Those who are fat and lazy and have it easy, they should beware. As Mother Teresa continues to say, "These are God's tender caresses, this suffering." The more suffering that you endure in faith and hope and charity, the more God's love is being revealed to you. No wonder the gospel will never sell in the world. There is no way to teach this so that Madison Avenue PR men and women can just go out and make this popular without perverting it and watering it down. This is why purgatory is so hard for us to understand. We don't want to carry the cross. We want to make an optional clause in our contract with Christ. "If you want to be my disciple, you've got to carry the cross. You've got to die to self." This kind of RC argumentation is very widespread now, when there is indeed a serious necessity for the Church to wake up from the dormition of welfare society. One of the greatest evils in the Church is the tendency to cling to earthly goods as the ultimate "blessing" of God. Many precedents of express heretical doctrines are documented, from "name it and claim it" down to the extreme advocates of the RC "liberation theology." But now we are treating purgatory which in itself cannot be justified by our age's tendencies. A doctrine mustn't be established solely from temporary arguments. So no one is to imagine that this starting point is sufficient to prove the existence of purgatory; moreover, the texts cited support only suffering on earth, in the flesh. The "fiery ordeal" was persecution by which God purges us while in this life; it's an extremely audacious kind of exegesis to gratuitously assert that it will continue in the afterlife. The other problem with applying these texts to purgatory is that lazy Christians on earth can and often do refuse to be purged by suffering - and indeed, that's why Paul and Peter lay so great a stress on the utility of calamities. Suffering is not a magical process by which our sins and frailties are automatically removed; while the counterpart thereof in afterlife, namely purgatory, is believed to work without the consent of the individual involved. True, it has been asserted that this difference is due to the objective necessity of being purged; and that a certain amount of suffering is somehow prescribed to be fit for heaven; but it is just a denial of what had been asserted, that wilful co-operation is a cause of sanctification. The state of contrition which is allegedly the method of "satispassio," ie. atoning suffering in purgatory, is by no means co-operation. (It must be pointed out that the classical Protestant view is that co-operation - obedience, good works, rejoicing in suffering etc. - is not the prerequisite of sanctification but the sure sign of true justification which, as a rule, results in sanctification. But this fact doesn't render "working out our salvation with fear and trembing" useless, as we are warned to do so by the very fact that it's God who works even the will in us out of His favour - a frequently cited but often truncated reference from Philippians. Protestantism uses a double viewpoint, that of God, and that of us. The error of Roman Catholicism, in our opinion, is that they confine themselves to the human viewpoint.) So Roman Catholics, when trying to prove purgatory, contradict their own theology. Let's turn to Romans 8 and see this doctrine taught further. Romans 8 is one of my favorite all-time passages and has been for years and years as a Protestant as well as a Catholic, but I must say I've slightly adjusted my understanding in the last few years. I always thought that Romans 8, which many considered to be -- I mean Romans is in a sense the central gem in a cluster of Pauline precious stones. Romans 8 is the central facet that glistens and gleams. It's beautiful. It's a promise that we will persevere through the Holy Spirit. Up until now the Holy Spirit has only been mentioned once in the first seven chapters of Romans, and in chapter 8 it's mentioned 18 times to give us assurance that God's Spirit, Christ's Spirit is at work in us. Why? Well, we're told, "There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus," verse 1, "for the law of the spirit of life in Christ Jesus has set me free from the law of sin and death. For God has done what the law weakened by the flesh could not do. Sending His own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin, He condemned sin in the flesh," get this, " in order that the just requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us." Non-Catholics frequently fall in the trap of saying, Christ obeyed, so we don't need to. Paul said Christ obeyed to enable us to do what previously was humanly impossible. Finally now, heart obedient to a motive of faith, hope and love is made possible by Christ's obedience, not made unnecessary. It's made acceptable in Christ and it's made delightful to the Father because it's presented in union with Christ. He goes on, "who walked not according to the flesh but according to the spirit." Well what does that mean? It goes on to say, verse 9, "But you are not in the flesh, you are in the spirit if in fact the Spirit of God dwells in you." Well how do you know whether or not the spirit of God dwells in you? Verse 10, "But if Christ is in you, although your bodies are dead because of sin, your spirits are alive because of righteousness. If the Spirit of him who raised Jesus from the dead dwells in you, He who raised Christ Jesus from the dead will give life to your mortal bodies also through the Spirit which dwells in you." Okay, "if" -- how can we know that this is true and real for us? He says in 12, "So then, brothers, we are debtors, not to the flesh," but look at this, "we are debtors," we still have a debt to pay; not because Christ hasn't paid it but because Christ has paid it once and for all and through the Holy Spirit in His mystical body, He applies that. "We are debtors not to the flesh, who live according to the flesh. For if you live according to the flesh, you will die. But if by the spirit you put to death the deeds of the body" -- if by the spirit, not by your own flesh, not by your own power. Human nature is weak and incapable of doing anything ultimately pleasing to God. We cannot earn the state of grace by our own works. It's got to be through the power of the Holy Spirit in union with Christ. "But, if by the spirit you put to death the deeds of the body," -- if you mortify it, is another translation? - "you will live." That's what penance is all about. We must do penance, John the Baptist said. We must do penance, Jesus Christ said. We must do penance, St. Paul and St. Peter and on and on and on; they all say it. It is not just an attitude or an emotion. It's not just a decision or an experience. It's not just a choice at a stadium where we go for what the choir sings. We've got to mortify our bodies. We've got to do penance every day. Well I'm preaching to myself, too, this morning. I don't know what you're hearing, but I know what I'm hearing. Oh I tell you, for all who are led, for all who are led by the Spirit of God are sons of God. "For you do not receive the spirit of slavery to fall back into fear, but you have received the spirit of sonship." Then he goes on talking about something that is very important to what we are saying. "When we cry Abba, Father, it is the Spirit himself bearing witness with our spirit that we are the children of God, and if children then heirs, heirs of God and fellow heirs of Christ." We will be fellow heirs of Christ. Oh, I'd just love it if Paul would stop right there, right there! Put a period and start a new chapter. He doesn't. "Fellow heirs with Christ, provided we suffer with him in order that we may also be glorified with him." All of a sudden, chills are going up and down my spine. Oh, oh, wait a second, God. I like it up until that point. "I will hold fast the courage, but suffering separates me from Christ." Paul goes on to argue in the rest of Romans 8, No, no, no!. Suffering is not what separates you from Christ, suffering is what unites you ever more closely with the spirit of Christ." It's the refusal to suffer that separates you from Christ. I used to use this passage to say, "Nothing can ever separate you from Christ in the sense that no matter what you do, once you're saved, always saved. You know, you've got it made in the shade. Not saved once saved always, that Christ decreed you to be saved always unto eternity. But that's God's business. For us, as Paul says in Philippians, we've got to work out our salvation with fear and trembling, with the assurance that God's grace is sufficient, but with the knowledge that we've got to cooperate morning, noon and night. So he goes on and he says, "provided we suffer." Now instantly Paul recognizes the objection we all have, b-b-b-b- ut the suffering! I don't like to suffer. Well, "I consider that the sufferings of this present time are not even worth comparing with the glory that is to be revealed to us." Oh then it's a little cost benefit and analysis. It's a little cost, and this is what we'll gain. If anybody is getting gypped, it's God. "For the creation awaits with eager longing for the revelation of the sons of God. For the creation itself was subjected to futility, not of its own will, but of the will, by the will of him who subjected him in hope." It goes on talking about how we groan inwardly, but not we ourselves have to know how the spirit groans inwardly in us. Verse 26, "Likewise the Spirit helps us in our weakness for we do not know how to pray as we ought." Ain't that the truth! We don't know how to pray as we ought. We need to pray. We can theologize. We can teach and we can listen to tapes and read books all that we want, but if we don't pray, we won't be able to suffer in the spirit. We won't be able to do anything profitable for heaven. We've got to pray. That's got to be the beginning and end of it all. "The spirit himself intercedes for us with sighs too deep for words." He goes on and what does he say in this whole chapter? He's not saying once saved, always saved, which means in the spirit you've got it made in the shade. He is saying, "Once saved, you've got to suffer with Christ in order to enter into His glory." And if you think suffer and suffrage from Christ, you've got it backwards. He goes on to say, "nothing will ever separate us from the love of Christ." You see that? "Nothing will ever separate us from the love of Christ." It says this in verse 35, "Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? Shall tribulation or distress, persecution or famine, nakedness or peril or sword? As it is written for thy sake, oh God, we are being killed all the day long, we are regarded as sheep to be slaughtered." Did you get that? Jesus ain't the only lamb of God. Now this might seem like kind of baa to our ears -- I shouldn't be so sheepish about my puns, but anyway, Jesus is not the only lamb of God. We are so like him, we are made like him, that we are regarded as sheep to be slaughtered. "Lamb" is usually associated with the Passover Lamb, while "sheep" is not. Saying that "Jesus ain't the only lamb of God" dilutes this difference, and by the very choice of words means that Christ's death is insufficient for its purpose. It doesn't only "suggest" it, as Jesus Christ was "lamb" of God in the sense of /sacrifice/ while we are "sheep" of God /not/ in the sense of sacrifice. The original Greek also makes this distinction: it usually has "arnion" for lamb, and "probaton" for sheep, although some exceptions can be found - but these never refer to any sacrificial lambship. I admit that the purpose of the author was not to belittle what Christ has done for us; but teachers ought not to mislead the believers with such unqualified and unbalanced statements like this. "Now in all these things, we are more than conquerors for him who loved us." The idea that it's suffering that sanctifies us. Paul does not say, "Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? Shall adultery, shall murder, shall theft? No, in all these things we are more than conquerors?" No, he doesn't say "affluence, leisure, luxury, filthy riches, sumptuous gluttony, all those things are just fine. They're not fine, but God will see us through all those evil sins." No, he didn't say it. He's talking about the fact that all kinds of suffering, none of them shall ever separate us from the love of Christ. The assumption is, we've got to suffer to be glorified. Because the essence of Christianity is Christ reproducing His life and His suffering, His death and His resurrection and His glory in us. That's what it means to be united in him. That's what the whole significance of our baptism is. Paul says in Romans 6 that because we have been baptized, we have died to sin. When James and John brought their mother to kind of lobby for the right and the left seats in glory, he said, "Are you willing to be baptized with the baptism with which I have to be baptized?" So what did He associate baptism with? An ordeal of suffering. Christ said, "I come to baptize with fire." I've got to tell you, a lot of people are making salvation out to be heavenly welfare. No wonder it sells. I could fill a church in a matter of months, it I was preaching nothing but welfare from heaven for nothing we do. We don't have to suffer. We don't have to work. We don't have to obey. We should, but we don't have to. That's wrong, but it will sell in this century and in every age. That's why purgatory is so incomprehensible. That's why it seems so wrong, because it feels so right to have a kind of welfare scheme. No. God is not some politician buying votes by promising all kinds of little goodies. I mean not that welfare is not essential in our society. Let's assume that it is needed. But ultimately God does not want to make us completely dependent in a sense of being helpless. God wants to father sons and daughters who will grow up and mature and be strong in faith, hope and charity, filled with wisdom, filled with spiritual strength to love others and to sacrifice themselves for others. This is all of what purgatory implies. Again, not a word about purgatory is found in Paul's teaching here. Wilful obedience to God is stated, nay, urged in this passage of Paul which, of course, was not overlooked by the Reformers. Luther's cross theology was based on it; Kierkegaard echoed it from 300 years later. What Luther did /not/ do is to consider suffering a magical fluid which sanctifies us - and in reality, it is what purgatory means. When dr. Hahn has written "the idea [is] that it's suffering that sanctifies us," he obscured the leading motive of the apostle, viz. that he exhorts us to suffer /willingly/. Actually it's not mere suffering that sanctifies us but God's Holy Spirit through various means, among others by prompting us to bear sufferings with patience and even thanksgiving, and thus He makes us conform to the image of Christ. Whereas purgatory strips this magnificent process of all human participation, and deems it a magical washing in a burning fluid. These accusations do not misrepresent Roman Catholic doctrine, as it is this denomination to grant indulgences even to the dead, thus they give away that their purgatory is in it roots magical and lacks all necessity of wilful participation. Let's take a look at perhaps another very crucial passage in this regard. First Corinthians, chapter 3. I must admit that theologically and psychologically 1st Corinthians 3 basically sealed it up. It was all sewn up for me when I worked through this, praying, studying, pondering. I think it's strong and clear. In 1st Corinthians 3, he's talking about how we are in Christ. We're temples with Christ. We're His body and yet we are also temples as well. We are God's field, His building, and in verse 9, the kind of building we are. There's a temple and he goes on to describe how we have got to be careful then. If we are all God's temples, temples of the Holy Spirit, we better be very circumspect and prudent about the way we build. "According to the grace of God given me," verse 10, "like a skilled master builder, I laid a foundation and another man is building upon it. Let each man take care how he builds upon it." The foundation work is Christ. Make no mistake about that. Our works are not our foundation unless our house is going to crumble. Then we and our works are not the foundation, but Christ is the foundation. "For no other foundation can anyone lay than that which is laid which is Jesus Christ. Now if anyone builds on the foundation with gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay, straw, each man's work will become manifest for the day will disclose it. Because it will be revealed with fire and the fire will test which sort of work each one has done. If the work which any man has built on the foundation survives, he will receive a reward." In addition to salvation, he will receive a reward: thrones, crowns, whatever you want to say. "If any man's work is burned up," the wood, the hay and the straw, "if any man's work is burned up, he will suffer loss." Notice that wood is not as flammable as hay is consumed. So there are degrees of good works, gold and silver and so on, and degrees of venial sins. Jesus even talked about somebody would receive fewer stripes than another person. He talks about how, I think in Matthew 5, you won't get out until you pay the last farthing or the last penny. So it depends on what we have done, what we will do because we have got to be purified in the Holy Spirit of God, which is fiery love. We have got to take up our cross. We are saved by Christ who is our foundation, but we have to build and what we build has to undergo the fiery judgment on the day. Now the day might refer to the day of judgment, but from earliest times people have seen that Paul is also teaching that the day of judgment is anticipated actually and really and provisionally when each person dies. That's when Jesus comes for us. We speak of the "coming of the Lord." Well, a kind of secondary coming is when He comes for us, and the day of judgment is when we die and appear before him in that sense. "If any man's work is burned up, he will suffer loss," or change the emphasis. "...he will suffer, loss." Though he himself will be saved, he will have suffering to undergo but only as through fire. But you might say, "Well, it's only wood and stubble that's going to be burned up. It's not him. He is the temple. It isn't just these externals to him. His soul is the temple of the Holy Spirit. His soul is made of parts for the foundation is Christ, but there is some gold, perhaps some silver, but also some wood and stock in His soul. His soul is built up like a temple with all kinds of combustible elements. He will suffer loss. Though he himself will be saved but only as through fire." We have arrived to the classic prooftext, by analyzing which dr. Hahn has given up all his reservations to purgatory. But although this passage was frequently put to fight by RC apologists, and even interpreted by some church fathers in a purgatorial sense, at a closer look it will turn out to be /per se/ inadequate for Roman purposes. The point is, that the text and the context make clear that Paul was speaking about teachers here, and not about the individual's good works and "venial sins." This interpretation may be surprising for RCs but in fact it's very old. At least Chrysostom happened to come across them, for in his ninth homily about 1Cor he attempts at length to refute it. Now let's see how he manages to make his point. John Chrysostom: Homilies on the first epistle to the Corinthians. Homily IX. [5] [...] "The Foundation," then, he hath himself plainly signified to be Christ, saying, "For other foundation can no man lay than that which is laid, which," he saith "is Jesus Christ." Next, the building seems to me to be actions. Although some maintain that this also is spoken concerning teachers and disciples and concerning corrupt heresies: but the reasoning doth not admit it. For if this be it, in what sense, while "the work is destroyed," is the "builder" to be "saved," though it be "through fire?" Of right, the author ought rather of the two to perish; but now it will be found that the severer penalty is assigned to him who hath been built into the work. For if the teacher was the cause of the wickedness, he is worthy to suffer severer punishment: how then shall he be "saved?" If, on the contrary, he was not the cause but the disciples became such through their own perverseness, he is no whit deserving of punishment, no, nor yet of sustaining loss: he, I say, who builded so well. In what sense then doth he say, "he shall suffer loss?" From this it is plain that the discourse is about actions. Chrysostom supposes that the building made of gold, precious stones, hay, stubble etc. means the believers - in order to make out that the alternative interpretation leads to injustice. This knot is immediately untied if we reject this proposition and accept another, viz. that the house built on the foundation is further teaching, and its result in the hearts of the hearers: pastoral care, proper disciplining, edification, and mutual love. This explanation is supported by the very fact that the foundation which Paul laid down was certainly not the /person/ of Christ but the /teaching/ about Christ. This solution, of course, doesn't match fully with the well-known simile of Christ being the chief cornerstone and us the living stones built up on Him - but neither does the other one, according to which the building is the quality of our Christian life, and more definitely, our deeds. This very interpretation has support in another NT passage, 1Pt 1:7, in which our /faith/ is said to be more excellent than gold tried in fire. This explanation granted, there is no injustice whatever left. For since he means next in course to put out his strength against the man who had committed fornication, he begins high up and long beforehand to lay down the preliminaries. For he knew how while discussing one subject, in the very discourse about that thing to prepare the grounds of another to which he intends to pass on. For so in his rebuke for not awaiting one another at their meals, he laid the grounds of his discourse concerning the mysteries. And also because now he is hastening on towards the fornicator, while speaking about the "Foundation," he adds, "Know ye not that ye are the Temple of God? and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you? If any man destroy (or "defile.") the Temple of God, him will God destroy." Now these things, he said, as beginning now to agitate with fears the soul of him that had been unchaste. It's a false observation on Chrysostom's part that Paul is "hastening on towards the fornicator," for he is going to discuss it much later, and the very pretext for his coming up with this "building" simile is another malady, ie. that the Corinthians are boasting themselves on their teachers. Formerly he called teaching "planting" and "watering," now "laying of foundation" and "building on it." Later he will explicitly say that "these things I have said as examples of myself and Apollos." The discourse on teachers lasts until the end of the fourth chapter. And even the "day" (of judgment) which is found in 3:13 is repeated in 4:3, so it's very implausible to assume that Paul inserted a simile (3:11-15) in his letter which has nothing to do with his topic. [5.] Ver. 12. "If any man build upon this foundation, gold, silver, costly stones, wood, hay, stubble." For after the faith there is need of edification: and therefore he saith elsewhere, "Edify one another with these words." (perhaps 1 Thess. v. 11; iv. 5.) For both the artificer and the learner contribute to the edifying. Wherefore he saith, "But let every man take heed how he buildeth thereon." (1 Cor. iii. 10.) But if faith had been the subject of these sayings, the thing affirmed is not reasonable. For in the faith all ought to be equal, since "them is but one faith;" (Eph. iv. 5.) but in goodness of life it is not possible that all should be the same. Because the faith is not in one case less, in another more excellent, but the same in all those who truly believe. Here Chrysostom's reasoning is pathetically outdated. The "faith" which is "one" is of course the deposit of the apostolic kerygma; and the "faith" which is to be tested by fire is the individuals' effectiveness in accepting and showing it forth. Paul said that he didn't want to preach anything but Christ crucified (1Cor 2:2) when he first arrived to them - that is, the basics. Other teachers instructed them further - they were those who built on that only foundation. To obstinately overlook this conspicuous simile can be ascribed only to purgatorian bias. But in life there is room for some to be more diligent, others more slothful; some stricter, and others more ordinary; that some should have done well in greater things, others in less; that the errors of some should have been more grievous, of others less notable. On this account he saith, "Gold, silver, costly stones, wood, hay, stubble,--every man's work shall be made manifest: "--his conduct; that is what he speaks of here:--"If any man's work abide which he built thereupon, he shall receive a reward; if any man's work shall be burned, he shall suffer loss." Whereas, if the saying related to disciples and teachers, he ought not to "suffer loss" for disciples refusing to hear. And therefore he saith, "Every man shall receive his own reward according to his own labor" not according to the result, but according to "the labor." For what if the hearers gave no heed? Wherefore this passage also proves that the saying is about actions. Only if we suppose that which is said to be "hidden" at the moment (4:5) is outward acts. But it's very unlikely; and as Paul says that only God can judge this properly, it's clear that actions cannot be here meant - unless the Church mustn't exercise any discipline and leave it to God altogether. The whole system of dispensations, indulgences, and penitences would be set to nought if the RCs listened to all of Paul's teaching here. To conclude, I sum up the arguments in favour of my interpretation. - "Laying of foundation" and "building on it" is in parallel with "planting" and "watering," of whose meaning which there is no dispute altogether. - "Whoever destroys the temple of God" and "the temple is YOU" in the plural. If acts were meant then the plural would have no sense, but if teaching then it would be proper, as only teachers can corrupt the congregation with useless (not "heretical") speech. - Paul further on speaks about his own stewardship and its value, and rebukes the boasting with teachers. He argues that teachers will be judged by God alone, so no one is to judge them beforehand. - The apostle's express words are: (4:6) "These things, brethren, I did transfer to myself and to Apollos because of you, that in us ye may learn not to think above that which hath been written, that ye may not be puffed up one for one against the other." "These things" naturally refer to the "building" simile. Well, my first comeback was, "Well, yeah, but that's an instantaneous process." Then I'd argue with myself. Okay, but what is an instant? Is it a millisecond? Is it a microsecond? Is it a second, two seconds, three seconds? I mean, let's face it. We're finite creatures. It might be a moment, but what happens when you undergo a moment of incredible pain versus, say, ten minutes of incredible pleasure? Do the ten minutes go by like a second? Yeah. And does that second go by like ten minutes? At least. We're finite creatures going through time. We don't do things outside of time. We are purified in time. Now maybe for you it will be a second. But unless I really clean up my act more, it's going to be more than a second, I suspect, for me. I believe that God's grace is going to work through me and do all kinds of things. So, God forbid, we should never assume that we have to go through purgatory. He gives us the grace of vision, not only to avoid purgatory but to cooperate with that grace and to live a Christ- like life so we don't have to settle for purgatory and I, with God's grace, won't. But the fact is those who will go through this fiery ordeal will suffer in fire the spirit of judgment. Malachi, chapter 3, verse 3 speaks about the day being like a refiner's fire which purifies the sons of Levi. The priests of God have got to go through this fiery process of purification. Interpreting prophecy is usually a difficult task, but it seems clear that Malachi is speaking about the "sons of Levi" offering "true sacrifices" after their purification. This prophecy can be applied to the holy and priestly Christian nation - but of this we know that it exists partly on earth. So this text must not be used in favour of purgatory which is alleged to be not on earth. "Do you not know that you are God's temple and that God's Spirit dwells in you?" It's that same Spirit that dwells in us and will purify and judge us and finally purge us of all of this disordered self-love and sin. And we could call it purge-a-tory, if it's going to be less misleading because that's all that's happening. We are being purged. Christ's work is not being supplemented. Christ's work is being manifested and applied. The fiery, sanctifying work of the Holy Spirit does not undermine the finished work of Christ, it expresses it. It manifests it and it brings it to pass. Nobody is going to say, "Christ has died on the cross; therefore, we don't need faith." Of course we need faith. Well, if we need faith, is it because Christ's work isn't finished? After all, He says, "It is finished." Why do we need faith? We're all saved. Nobody says that. Even non-Catholics say, "We have to have at least faith." Well, if we have to have anything besides the cross of Christ, if we have to have personal faith, and that doesn't undermine the work of Christ, then we have to ask, why? Well, it's because the Holy Spirit gives us faith and then hope and then charity and the capacity to sacrifice and suffer. And how crucial it is that we willingly cooperate with that grace. "The day of judgment is coming, to burn like a furnace," Malachi 4, verse 1. chapter 3, verse 2, "the refiners for silver and gold." Hebrews 12, verse 29, tells us that our God is a consuming fire. That's the kind of love He has. It just burns out of control. Our God is madly in love with us. He's madly in love with us. It's sheer madness for the God who owes us nothing, to whom we owe everything but to whom we gave practically nothing. He turns around and gives us everything including himself by becoming one of us and allowing us to kill him. He's madly in love with us, and that mad love is burning out of control and filling this vast universe. It's just that our physical eyes can't see it, but they will some day and our souls will undergo it. And those who have refined their love through self-sacrifice and mortification and penance and charity through the spirit of the foundation which is Christ, but those who have done so are going to enter into that fiery love of God and say, "Oooh, it feels so good! I'm home." And other people are going to look back where they have compromised and taken short cuts; they've done a lot of great things in love and faith and hope. They've even suffered some, but they have taken a lot of short cuts, They are going to enter that fire and say, "Ooh, ooh...," and purgatory is for them. Now the saints in heaven would freeze in purgatory, and hell fire for the saints in heaven would be like ice, dry ice. Our God is a consuming fire. The periphery of the universe is hell fire. That isn't the hottest. The hottest is what you find when you get closest to God. Out of the nine choirs of angels, the highest are the Seraphim. In Hebrew it means the burning ones. They glow bright because they are consumed with this passionate, fiery love that God has for all eternity for us as His children. This sentimental flurry of thoughts is by no means biblical proof. That apart, fire usually denotes "judgment" in the Bible. It is proper to state that love can burn - but to automatically associate fire with love is at least gratuitous. "God is consuming fire" - it is said with regard to His judgment and wrath. That hell is "like ice" sounds odd for those who have heard the opposite from our Lord's lips. And even He didn't promise any fiery heaven for His faithful. We can't even imagine what it's like, but we have been granted the fiery Holy Spirit of love to enable us to do what would otherwise be humanly impossible in this life, to purge ourselves. That is why Paul says in Colossians 1:24 something that used to baffle me, Colossians 1:24, "Now I rejoice in my sufferings for your sake." Masochist? No. In a sense, he is the opportunist. He is the one who sees the ultimate rewards. "I rejoice in my sufferings for your sake, and in my flesh I complete what is lacking in Christ's afflictions for the sake of His body that is the Church." Now does he mean that Christ died a little too quickly? He needed a few more hours? No. It means that Christ's suffering and death must be reproduced and filled up in the Church and if some are slacking off, that means others must become more like victim-souls, willing to bear a greater burden, willing to shoulder with love, as Galatians 5 speaks about the love, "Love bears one another's burdens." We do that just as 1st John 5 speaks about how we can pray for others and get them back on track after their venial sins have been committed. So likewise we can suffer on behalf of others. That's what fathers and mothers do all the time. And God calls us to do that in the supernatural family, as well, on behalf of our brothers and sisters and our spiritual children, as well. That's what Paul takes for granted when he makes such an outlandish statement. Outlandish only for those who do not recognize the essential need for suffering. Suffering is not the same as sacrifice. While the sacrifice is once for all finished, His suffering continues. It's Him to have said, "I was hungry and you fed me; I was naked and you clad me," and "If you have done this to one of my little ones, you have done it to me." Nothing like purgatory in which, in turn, there is alleged to be suffering as a consequence of our own venial sins. On the other hand, it's a well-known issue in the cross theology of Paul, Luther and others that "death works in us and life in you," and "we have this treasure in fragile vessels so that it might show out that it's not of our strength but that of God." This is tackled in Col 1:24. There are some other passages that I should call your attention to because they are classical proof texts. Let's turn to the gospel of Matthew. I've mentioned this already in passing. Let's turn to Matthew 5:26. There Jesus says, "Make friends quickly with your accuser," in verse 25, "while you are going with him to court, lest your accuser hands you over to the judge and the judge to the guard and you be put in prison. Truly I say to you, you will never get out until you have paid the last penny." What is the presumption? Once you pay the last penny, you are going to get out. Where are you going to go then? To hell? No. You paid the last penny. You're going to enter into the blessing at that point but only after you've paid the fine. Let's apply this very reasoning to the Roman dogma of Mary's perpetual virginity. The evangelical account reads, "Joseph hadn't known her until he gave birth to her firstborn son," thus "the presumption is" that after that he did actually have sexual intercourse with his wife. So dr. Hahn's traditional prooftexting is ruled out. But we can address this scripture, too: it refers to prudent earthly conduct. The "accuser" cannot be safely placed in the purgatorial system, as it is not any man who accuses us before God but the devil himself. So then, shall we make friends with the devil? Now what does this mean, that Christ has not paid for our sin? Of course not. It doesn't mean that. Christ has paid once and for all for our sin. His death is the ultimate satisfaction and price for our redemption, but His life and His death must be lived out in us. That's why we need to pick up our cross, and we need to imitate Christ. Did you catch that? We don't suffer because Christ's sufferings weren't enough. We suffer because Christ's life must be reproduced in us. It is finished. It is accomplished, but now it must be applied. The work of the third person of the Holy Spirit is New Testament history, is personal history. Understand that this is restitution. This is not in a sense forgiveness. Only forgiven souls enter purgatory. This is restitution. It reminds me of a Peanuts comic strip. One time Linus was packing a snowball while Lucy was walking by, getting ready to pound her and all of a sudden she turns around and she says, "If you hit me with that snowball, so help me, you'll be sorry." She walks on. Sure enough, boom, smack in the back of her head. She comes back with both fists raised, ready to pound him into mincemeat and he says, "You are so right. I am so sorry." Now wait a second. I think it was William James or some Harvard philosopher who said, "I would sin like David, if only I could repent like David." Well you can't gauge your repentance in advance. That actually adds malice to whatever evil you do. The fact is, if we are truly sorry, we will see the need and the propriety for restitution. Not just monetary, physical restitution for broken windows, but psychical, spiritual restitution for broken souls. The people we've hurt, the people we've refused to bless, the people we've refused to give ourselves to and to give Christ to, the incredible opportunities that we've missed because we were lazy and slothful, proud and arrogant. Those memories will burn more than any physical fire when our souls encounter the fiery love of Christ in the Holy Spirit. All those missed opportunities we willfully refused. It's one thing to miss opportunities for imperfections and faults, another thing to sin deliberately by not giving ourselves. It might not be mortal sin, but we are not only wounding ourselves, but we are wounding the souls who depend upon us. Now are we paying for our sins? No, they are paid for. And the only way we can make restitution is because the life of Christ through the Holy Spirit has been poured out in us so that through our sufferings Christ's glory can be reproduced in us. Our feeling sorry in the purgatory can /in no way/ produce real restitution for anything on earth. Or if we have a subjective trial and suffer punishment due to our negligence etc. then it's a payment for our sins in a true and real sense. And then, we'll have arrived to the assertion that Christ's death is not a sufficient price of our misdeeds - so we have to add to it. But there's no short cut. Hebrews says that Christ, though a Son, learned obedience through suffering. Why did He suffer? That His human nature could learn obedience and impart that human nature to us through the flesh and blood in the Eucharist, the body and blood of Christ. When we receive that human nature of the eternal Son of God and historical Son of Man, we are enabled to learn obedience through suffering. There's no other way to learn obedience. If you suffer in the flesh, you have ceased from sin. If you don't suffer in the flesh, Hebrew 12 makes it perfectly clear, that, you are an illegitimate child. Only God's children does He inflict suffering on. He says the illegitimate children, He lets them go and have an easy time. We are disciplined because we are loved and if it hurts, if it burns, it's because that's because that's the way God's love is. It gives of itself. God's whole essence is self-donation and He calls us to be imitators of God, Paul says. We imitate God when we become self- donators, self-givers and you can't do that as finite creatures without self-sacrifice, and you can't sacrifice self without pain. You can't love without sacrifice. We learn obedience through what we suffer, and if we suffer in the flesh we have ceased from sin. If we take short cuts, God in His mercy will give us summer school to make up for that one class we might have skipped or that one course we might have flunked. We'll move on to the next grade for sure, but we need a little bit of remedial education. Our opportunity to merit is only on earth because here we can choose to suffer. In purgatory we only accept it. There's no merit. Glory, sure, but no additional merit. In this earth the Church Militant acquires merits, not merits in addition to Christ, but Christ's merit bestowed in filling us up, bestowed upon us. When God crowns our works, He is only crowning His own achievements. When He rewards our works, He is only crowning His own work in us through the Holy Spirit, the life of Christ being lived out in us. Dr. Hahn is edging back to classic RC theology from his quaking ground of simile. "No merit in purgatory," he says, "only on earth." But even this latter one is Christ's merit, "filling us up." So then, what gets in the way of saying, "those in purgatory partake of /Christ's/ merit, it is filled in their tanks, so they acquire merit as well?" The same subterfuge is used for them as for those on earth. As to the other shield, viz. that these are "not merits in addition to Christ, but Christ's merit bestowed in filling us up," anyone who is acquainted with papal documents will shake his head and sigh. It was a pope to have pronounced, "it is also known that the merits of the Mother of God, and of all the elect, from the first just man until the last, _add something_ to the store of this treasure," ie. the merits of Christ. (Denz. 552; pope Clement VI, the bull Unigenitus Dei Filius, 1343.) No one is to answer that it is not "de fide," as this very bull was that one with which Meister Eck was clubbing Luther all along their Leipzig dispute. Take a look at Matthew 12, verse 32 talks about the unforgivable sin that moves on in verse 32, "Whoever says a word against the son of man will be forgiven, but whoever speaks against the Holy Spirit will not be forgiven either in this age or in the age to come." Now, for that statement to be meaningful, we won't get into what blaspheming the Holy Spirit means. We can perhaps raise that in the question/answer period, but one thing is clear: this is a sin which cannot be forgiven either in this age or in the age to come. But the assumption behind the statement is that there are other sins which can be forgiven in this age and, look, or in the age to come. Mt 12:32 doesn't state that some sins /will/ be forgiven in the age to come, but that there is one which will never be forgiven. Jesus here employs a hebraistic hyperbole of speech, as it's clear from His whole intention in threatening the unbelieving Pharisees with eternal punishment. The parallel narrative in Mk 3:29 simply says "never." And, whatever dr. Hahn means the "blasphemy of the Spirit" to be, his logic suggests that "blasphemy of the Son of Man /will/ be forgiven at least in the purgatory - which is /per se/ an utter nonsense. Christ wasn't distinguishing between hell and purgatory here; He rather depicted the inner hardening of the unbelieving heart at two degrees. The milder one is when someone refuses to listen to Jesus' words. The more severe one is when someone rejects to accept the divine attestation to Jesus as the Son of God. The former one is usually not that fatal as the latter. What are we talking about? Well, some people might say, in the Messianic age, after Christ goes up to heaven. That's plausible, but from earliest times all the interpreters saw this also applying to the intermediate state, for those who die in a state of grace because there we encounter God in Revelation 1:14, "His eyes were like blazing fire." Revelation 21:27, "Nothing profane shall enter heaven. There Christ sits on a throne of fire," we're told and Daniel 7 and also Revelation. There we will also sit but only after we have been purged of all this disordered self-love and sin. "The Lord is coming with fire," Isaiah, 66, verse 15, "and His rebuke is with flames of fire." "Fire comes forth from the presence of the Lord" in Leviticus all the way until the end of the New Testament. "The Lord is a consuming fire. We are baptized with the Holy Spirit in fire," Matthew 3:11. Over and over again we see these passages. I want to give you a quotation. Actually just a few to close this up because I have a few that really helped me out. One of the greatest scholars of the last 100 years was a man by the name of R.H. Charles. He wrote a humungus work entitled A Critical History of the Doctrine of the Future Life in Israel in Judaism and in Christianity. He comments upon the verse I just read in Matthew 12:32. He says, "Now such a statement would not only be meaningless, but also misleading in the highest degree if in the next life forgiveness were a thing impossible. Likewise the saying in the Sermon on the Mount, Matthew 5:26, which we read just a minute ago, "Thou shalt then by no means come out until thou hast paid the last farthing" admits of a like interpretation. Here dr. Hahn contradicts himself. Formerly he said "Understand that this is restitution. This is not in a sense forgiveness. Only forgiven souls enter purgatory." - Now he grabs a prooftext which, to his great satisfaction, has the words "forgiveness in the next life." This is too much for his purposes, but this he cannot see. Mt 3:11 doesn't identify baptism in the Spirit with baptism in fire - conversely, he parallels it with hell ("burns the chaff"). It may not be amiss likewise to find signs of this moral amelioration in the rich man in Hades who appeals to Abraham on behalf of his five brothers still on earth, in Luke 16. Remember the story of Lazarus and the rich man? The rich man is in fire, but he calls out, "Father Abraham," and Abraham responds, "My son, or my child." Well all that man had done was to feast sumptuously. He didn't go around beating Lazarus and other poor people. He just ate sumptuously. He neglected the poor. Not a mortal sin in and of itself, to be sure. And he says, "Father Abraham, just let Lazarus know. Have mercy on me." He didn't say, "This is unfair. I shouldn't be in hell." He says, "Have mercy on me. Just get Lazarus to dip his little finger tip in water and put it on the tip of my tongue. I don't deserve it, but it's mercy." Is that a soul in hell filled with the hatred of God? St. Teresa says, "There is no love in hell." And yet, this man pleads, not on his own behalf, but he says, "Please send Lazarus back to my five brothers so that they will believe in time." Abraham says, "Even if a man came back from the dead, it wouldn't be enough. They've got Moses, the law and the prophets. That's enough." But ironically, who did Jesus raise from the dead? A man named Lazarus. And was it enough for the Jews to believe in Jesus then? No. They not only wanted to kill Jesus, they even sought to kill Lazarus because so many people were still believing in Jesus because of him. But look at Luke 16 and realize that this man is there for neglecting the poor. He is in fire, recognizing Abraham as his father. Abraham recognizing him as my child. This man pleading for mercy in the form of a drop of water and then pleading on behalf of his brothers who were still on earth. Do souls intercede with God for mercy? Hardly. And yet look at what the story assumes. Look at what Jesus doesn't even feel it necessary to argue. That the rich man didn't say "it is unfair" doesn't mean that he felt it "fair," and /therefore/ he must have been in purgatory. First, he asked for a drop of water because he /did/ feel it a little bit "unfair" to be tormented. Abraham then explained in his answer what was "fair" and what wasn't - that he be tormented, and Lazarus be consoled. Second, even if he had felt his state "fair" and deserved, he might as well have been in hell. Greed was counted among cardinal sins in the Middle Ages - so it is mortal now, too. Paul in Gal 5:21 lists it as one which excludes from the kingdom of God. Dr. Hahn is again very persuasive in suggesting that the rich man pondered his state according to the RC categories of "mortal" sin and "venial" sin. And yes, the rich man begged for a drop of water. But again, does it indicate that he is not in hell? The Mother Theresa quote, apart from its obscure generality, is no dogmatic proof. Even a deduction must start with a firm dogmatic truth, not on an individual's saying. The fact that he cared for his relatives doesn't prove that he had any "moral amelioration" - rather that he recognized their peril by feeling in his own body the punishment resulting from their lives. And this is wholly imaginable to have taken place in hell: those excluded from heaven praise and flatter Jesus in Lk 13:26. Men are just men, wherever they are. Even heathens care for their kinsmen. Genuine love is something more than what the rich man had. Further, in Mt 18:34, the other purgatorian prooftext which dr. Hahn is afraid to quote, we find that the unforgiving servant will go to prison until he pays off all his debt - and of the king it is written that he had him hurled there out of /wrath,/ and not out of love. So the purgatory, according to these texts, seems rather hell-like. "My father," "my son" just express ancestral link, nothing else. Conclusion We have a rather skewed and emaciated Christianity in 20th Century America and throughout the West. No wonder we don't have many martyrs. The faith that we have is so truncated and so lifeless in some ways; it isn't worth dying for. Not until we realize how gloriously man-like Christ's call to His disciples is. We've got to grow up, not to be babies, but sons and daughters, men and women of God filled with the life of Christ, filled to overflowing. I have quotations here from Protestant professors affirming this. I have quotations from Vatican II, Lumen Gentium, sections 50 and 51 reaffirming the doctrine of purgatory. Some Catholics believe you don't have to accept it any more. The head of Campus Ministry at the place I used to teach used to tell people, even in a newspaper interview, that she didn't believe in purgatory any more and Catholics don't. Bunk! Vatican II teaches it and appeals to previous Councils that ratified and defined it. That's to misread the Second Vatican Council. Then to clarify it in 1979, the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in document letters on Certain Questions Concerning Eschatology says, "The Church excludes every way of thinking or speaking that would render meaningless or unintelligible her prayers, her funeral rites and the religious acts offered for the dead." This is an integral and vital part of our Catholic faith. We've got to believe it. We've got to live it, and we've got to share it. In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, we pray: Father in heaven, we need your help. We need your grace. We need a new outpouring of the Holy Spirit. Fill us Lord with this fiery love, so that we might sacrifice in ways that we have not, that we might imitate Christ with greater risk and abandon than ever before. Lord, these are awesome things that we ask for, far greater and more ambitious than we are capable on our own. Have mercy on us, here and now, on the Church Militant as we march out with our marching orders. Help us to fight the good fight. Help us to rejoice in the fiery ordeals that you send, knowing that these are the ways that you tailor us and streamline us. Oh God, you have made this world into a saint- making machine. The only tragedy, dear Lord, is for us not to have been made a saint. The world thinks that saints and martyrs are weird, but we know they are the ones who are most fully human. Humanize us with the flesh and the blood of the Eucharist, the Body and Blood of our risen Savior. Lord, help us to accept our time in this world so that we, too, might be made into saints, that we might accept a share in suffering, a share in Christ's suffering that you call us to accept and to do so with joy and thanksgiving. Help us, dear Lord, and hear us as we pray. Our Father, who art in heaven etc. ------------------------------------------------------------------- The electronic form of this document is copyrighted. Copyright (c) Trinity Communications 1994. Provided courtesy of: The Catholic Resource Network Trinity Communications PO Box 3610 Manassas, VA 22110 Voice: 703-791-2576 Fax: 703-791-4250 Data: 703-791-4336 The Catholic Resource Network is a Catholic online information and service system. To browse CRNET or join, set your modem to 8 data bits, 1 stop bit and no parity, and call 1-703-791-4336. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Critique by Ferenc Nemeth (nemo44@hotmail.com), Hungary, 1998.